Turn your page into a compound growth engine.

Calculators that qualify while they convince.

Math Calculators

Math calculators that show their work: arithmetic, algebra, statistics, and a calculus calculator for derivatives and integrals, with exact answers in fractions and radicals where they exist.

• Percentage CalculatorA percentage calculator for all seven percentage questions, from X% of Y to percentage change and difference, each with the work shown.
• Percent to Decimal ConverterThe percent to decimal calculator divides by 100 and gives the fraction in lowest terms beside it: 12.5% is 0.125, which is 1/8.
• Fraction CalculatorThe fraction calculator gives exact answers in lowest terms, with the common denominator written out. 1/3 + 1/6 is 1/2 here, not 0.49999999999999994.
• Decimal to Fraction CalculatorExact fractions, repeating decimals included: the decimal to fraction calculator turns 0.41(6) into exactly 5/12, not a rounding of it.
• Average CalculatorThe average calculator gives the mean, median, mode, range, count and sum of a list, plus weighted averages, averages of percentages, and the score you need on the tests left.
• Rounding Calculator2.675 to two places is 2.68. Most software says 2.67. This rounding calculator works on the number you typed, not its binary approximation, and shows the digit that decides it.
• Significant Figures CalculatorThe significant figures calculator marks every digit significant or not, with the rule that decides it. That includes the zeros in 1500, which nobody can count without more information.
• Scientific Notation CalculatorConvert both ways with this scientific notation calculator, engineering form and SI prefix included. 4.7e4 and 47 kilo are the same statement.
• Square Root CalculatorThe square root calculator gives the simplest radical form as well as the decimal: the square root of 72 is 6 times the root of 2, or 8.485281374.
• Exponent CalculatorA power is repeated multiplication until the exponent stops being a whole number. Then it is a root. The exponent calculator explains which case you are in.
• Log CalculatorA logarithm answers one question, what power turns the base into this number, and a log calculator answers it in any base.
• Absolute Value CalculatorThe absolute value calculator isolates the bars, splits the problem into its two cases, and solves each one exactly. It also gives the absolute value of a single number.
• Factorial CalculatorEnter n and the factorial calculator multiplies every whole number from n down to 1, exactly, then counts the digits and the zeros at the end.
• GCF and LCM CalculatorThe GCF and LCM calculator finds both at once, with the prime factorization that produces them. The GCF takes the lowest power of each shared prime and the LCM takes the highest.
• Prime Factorization CalculatorEnter a number and the prime factorization calculator returns its prime factors, the division steps that found them, and the divisor count that falls out of the exponents.
• Long Division CalculatorThe long division calculator writes every step out the way it goes on the page: bring down, divide, multiply, subtract, repeat.
• Long Multiplication CalculatorLong multiplication by the column method: one row per digit of the bottom number, the carries written out, and the partial products added at the end.
• Order of Operations CalculatorType an expression into the order of operations calculator and see it reduced one operation at a time: parentheses, exponents, multiplication and division, then addition and subtraction. The expression is rewritten after every step.
• Expanded Form CalculatorThe expanded form calculator writes a number as the sum of what each digit is worth, and lists each digit's place value beside it.
• Multiplication ChartEvery product from 1 x 1 to 12 x 12 in one multiplication chart, with the row, the mirror fact, the neighbors and the pattern behind any fact.
• Ratio CalculatorThe ratio calculator simplifies a ratio to lowest terms, solves a proportion for the missing term, scales a ratio, and splits a total in a given ratio.
• Aspect Ratio CalculatorEnter a width and a height and the aspect ratio calculator reduces them to lowest terms, or give it one new side and it finds the other at the same shape.
• Algebra CalculatorSolve for x or simplify an expression in an algebra calculator that writes the steps out and the answer as an exact fraction, not a decimal that nearly works.
• Quadratic Formula CalculatorThe quadratic formula calculator gives both roots as decimals and in exact form (fractions or surds), plus the discriminant, the vertex and the factored form.
• System of Equations CalculatorTwo or three equations at once: the system of equations calculator returns exact fractions, and a straight answer when the lines are parallel instead of a misleading number.
• Factor CalculatorThe factor calculator lists every factor of a number in the pairs that multiply to it, with the prime factorization, the divisor count, and whether it is prime, perfect or abundant.
• Matrix CalculatorType a matrix, pick an operation, and the matrix calculator answers in exact fractions with the work shown. Where the answer is 1/3, it says 1/3, not 0.333333.
• Vector CalculatorGive the vector calculator two vectors and it returns the dot product, the cross product's determinant expansion, the angle and the projection, exact where the components are whole numbers.
• Derivative CalculatorA derivative calculator that differentiates symbolically, names every rule it uses, and gives the slope and tangent line at any point.
• Integral CalculatorAn integral calculator with steps: antiderivatives worked by rule, every step named and checked by differentiation, and definite integrals between any two bounds.
• Arithmetic Sequence CalculatorGive the arithmetic sequence calculator a first term and a common difference, or any two terms, and it finds the nth term, the sum, and both formulas, exactly.
• Pascal's TrianglePascal's triangle to any row, with an entry C(n, k) worked out, the row's sum, and the binomial expansion of (a + b)^n. Each number is the sum of the two above it.
• Standard Deviation CalculatorSample and population side by side in one standard deviation calculator, because dividing by n when you meant n-1 understates the spread and nobody notices.
• Probability CalculatorTwo events, binomial trials, or combinations in one probability calculator, with the overlap that stops P(A or B) being a simple sum.
• Combination CalculatorEnter n and r and the combination calculator counts the ways to choose, with the formula worked through. It also gives the permutation count and both counts with repetition, so you can see which one your question needs.
• Dice Probability CalculatorPick the dice and a target total, and this dice probability calculator gives the exact chance of rolling exactly, at least or at most that total, with every total's odds in a table.
• Expected Value CalculatorType each outcome with its probability and this expected value calculator gives the EV, variance and standard deviation, after checking that the probabilities add up to 1. Switch to betting for the EV of a bet at posted odds.
• Z Score CalculatorEnter a value, the mean and the standard deviation, and this z score calculator gives the z score, its percentile and the area on each side, then points to its row and column in the z-table.
• Normal Distribution CalculatorGive a mean and standard deviation, pick a range, and this normal distribution calculator returns its probability and shades it on the bell curve. Switch to inverse to get the value at any probability.
• Confidence Interval CalculatorEnter a sample mean, SD and size, or a count of successes, and this confidence interval calculator returns the interval and its margin of error at any confidence level, with t when the SD comes from the sample and Wilson for a proportion.
• Sample Size CalculatorSet a margin of error and a confidence level, and this sample size calculator says how many responses a survey needs, corrected for a small population. For an experiment, it sizes each group from the power and alpha.
• Percentile CalculatorPaste a list and the percentile calculator finds the value at any percentile and the percentile rank of any value, with quartiles, IQR and outliers. Three methods are shown side by side, because they disagree on small lists.
• Correlation Coefficient CalculatorEnter paired x and y values and the correlation coefficient calculator returns Pearson's r, r-squared and Spearman's rho, with a p-value and a 95% interval to show how sure the number is.
• Linear Regression CalculatorThe line through your data, and the numbers that say how much to trust it. The linear regression calculator adds a residuals table, because the summary statistics alone can hide a curve or an outlier.
• Chi Square CalculatorType a table of counts and the chi square calculator tests whether rows and columns are independent, or test observed counts against expected ones. Every cell's expected count and contribution is shown.
• T Test CalculatorPaste your data or enter the means, SDs and sample sizes. The t test calculator gives the t statistic, the degrees of freedom, the p-value for every tail, a confidence interval and the decision.
• P Value CalculatorEnter the test statistic, pick its distribution and give the degrees of freedom. The p value calculator returns the two-tailed, right-tailed and left-tailed p-values and the critical value at your alpha.
• Test Statistic CalculatorThe test statistic calculator gives the statistic, its p-value both ways, the critical value and the interval. It also says what a p-value does not tell you, which is most of what people read into it.
• Box Plot GeneratorPaste the numbers and the box plot generator draws the plot and the figures behind it. It also says which quartile method it used, because four common ones give four different boxes on small data.
• Poisson Distribution CalculatorEnter the average rate λ and a count k, and this Poisson distribution calculator gives the chance of exactly, at least, at most or between k events, with the formula worked through.
• Hypergeometric CalculatorThis hypergeometric calculator gives the chance of exactly, at least or at most k successes when you draw without putting anything back, such as the 34.12% chance of at least one ace in a 5-card hand.
• Gini Coefficient CalculatorOne number for how unevenly something is shared out: the Gini coefficient calculator shows the work, and the shares behind it, because two very different distributions can have the same Gini.
• Monty Hall ProblemIn the Monty Hall problem you pick one of three doors, the host opens another to show a goat, and switching wins 2 times in 3. Play up to a million games and watch the count land on the exact odds.
• GPA CalculatorThe GPA calculator gives your term and cumulative GPA, unweighted or weighted for honors and AP courses, and the term GPA you need next to hit a target.
• Grading CalculatorThe grading calculator turns the questions on a test and the number wrong into a percent and a letter grade, with an easy grader chart for every possible score.

Geometry Calculators

Geometry calculators for shapes, lines and angles, with the formula behind each answer explained.

• Area CalculatorThe area calculator gives the area of a circle, rectangle, triangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, ellipse or rhombus, with the perimeter and the formula for each.
• Volume CalculatorA volume calculator that does surface area too, with the formula worked through on your numbers. When the measurements are whole numbers, it also gives the answer as a multiple of pi.
• Circle CalculatorGive the circle calculator any one of radius, diameter, circumference or area and it returns the rest, exact in terms of π. It also does arcs, sectors and chords, the equation of a circle both ways, and the circle through three points.
• Triangle CalculatorThe triangle calculator solves from whatever sides and angles you know, including the right-triangle case, which is the Pythagorean theorem and most of the traffic.
• Regular Polygon CalculatorGive the regular polygon calculator the number of sides and one measurement, and it returns every other length, the area and the angles.
• Acreage CalculatorThe acreage calculator turns lot dimensions into acres, square feet, square meters and hectares, for rectangular, triangular, circular and irregular four-sided lots.
• Slope CalculatorThe slope calculator finds the slope from two points, or a line from a point and a slope, as an exact fraction, with the slope-intercept, point-slope and standard forms, the intercepts and the angle.
• Distance Formula CalculatorThe distance formula is the Pythagorean theorem with the triangle left implicit. This distance formula calculator draws it back in.
• Trigonometry CalculatorA trigonometry calculator for sin, cos and tan, plus csc, sec and cot, with the exact value at the special angles (sin 60° is √3/2) and inverse trig from a value back to every angle that produces it.
• Unit Circle CalculatorThe unit circle calculator gives any angle's point (cos θ, sin θ), its quadrant and reference angle, and all six trig values, in degrees or radians and exactly where they are exact.

Chemistry Calculators, Physics and Lab Tools

Chemistry calculators, physics calculators and molecular biology tools for the bench and the problem set.

• Molarity CalculatorM = n / V = m / (MW × V). Type the formula and the molarity calculator works out the molar mass, then any two of mass, volume and concentration give the third, with the lab steps to make it up.
• Dilution CalculatorC1V1 = C2V2, solved by the dilution calculator for whichever term you are missing. It also gives the diluent to add, which is the number you actually pour.
• pH CalculatorpH = -log10[H+]. The formula is one line; the work a pH calculator does is in getting [H+], which for a weak acid, a buffer or a very dilute solution is not simply the concentration on the bottle.
• Chemical Equation BalancerType the unbalanced equation into the chemical equation balancer. The coefficients come from exact linear algebra, every element is checked on both sides, and the reactant masses below turn it into a yield calculation.
• Ideal Gas Law CalculatorPV = nRT. Enter any three of pressure, volume, moles and temperature in the units you have, and the ideal gas law calculator solves for the fourth.
• Density CalculatorGive the density calculator any two of density, mass and volume and it finds the third. It also says whether the thing floats, which is density against water.
• Half-Life CalculatorN = N0 × (1/2)^(t/T). Give the half life calculator any three of the starting amount, the amount left, the time and the half-life, and it finds the fourth.
• Protein Molecular Weight CalculatorA protein's mass is the sum of its residues plus one water. The protein molecular weight calculator does the sum from Expasy's residue masses, and the extinction coefficient alongside, so a reading at 280 nm becomes a concentration.
• DNA Concentration CalculatorThe DNA concentration calculator applies concentration = A260 × factor × dilution ÷ path length, with 50 for dsDNA, 33 for ssDNA and 40 for RNA. It also reads the purity ratios and works out how many molecules that is.
• Primer Tm CalculatorPaste a primer and the primer Tm calculator gives its melting temperature from the published nearest-neighbor parameters, with the enthalpy, entropy and free energy behind it and the two rough rules alongside for comparison.
• Ligation Calculatorinsert ng = ratio × vector ng × insert length ÷ vector length. The ligation calculator turns a molar ratio into the nanograms you actually pipette.
• Hemocytometer Calculatorcells/mL = cells counted ÷ squares counted × dilution × 10^4. Count, enter the dead cells, and the hemocytometer calculator gives viability and the volume to seed.
• RCF CalculatorThe RCF calculator uses RCF = 1.118 × 10^-5 × r × rpm², with r in cm. Convert a protocol's × g into the rpm your rotor needs, or a speed into g.
• Kinematics CalculatorPick the two quantities you do not know and enter the three you do; the kinematics calculator picks the one SUVAT equation that leaves the other unknown out, then shows the work.
• Speed CalculatorGive the speed calculator any two of speed, distance and time and it finds the third, in miles, kilometers, meters, feet or nautical miles, and converts the answer to every common unit.
• Force CalculatorF = ma and the six quantities built on it, in one force calculator, each with the numbers substituted and the unit algebra written out, which shows why a newton is a kilogram meter per second squared.
• Simple Harmonic Motion CalculatorPeriod and frequency for a spring or a pendulum, Hooke's law, and where an oscillator is at any moment, all in one simple harmonic motion calculator. The numbers are substituted into each formula, and the pendulum's small-angle error is measured rather than ignored.
• Wavelength CalculatorThe wavelength calculator solves v = fλ for wavelength, frequency or wave speed, and gives the energy of one photon for light and radio waves.
• Ohm's Law CalculatorGive the Ohm's law calculator any two of volts, amps, ohms and watts and it returns the other two. The formula used is shown beside every answer, so the page doubles as the wheel of twelve.
• Gear Ratio CalculatorGear ratio = driven teeth ÷ driving teeth. Enter the teeth for up to three stages and the gear ratio calculator gives the overall ratio, the output speed and the output torque.
• Dew Point CalculatorThe dew point is the honest measure of how much water is in the air. Give the dew point calculator a temperature and the humidity (or the dew point) and get the rest of the psychrometric picture from WMO's and the National Weather Service's own formulas.
• Altitude Pressure CalculatorAn altitude pressure calculator built on the 1976 standard atmosphere, the model behind the aviation tables, for air pressure by elevation and what that pressure does to the boiling point of water.

Conversion Calculators

Conversion calculators for unit conversion, number bases, Roman numerals and angles. The unit converter shows the factor it used and a conversion chart for the values around yours.

• Unit ConverterA unit converter that works every conversion from the definition, at a precision that matches your input rather than a fixed number of decimals. It doubles as a temperature converter, with the offset Celsius and Fahrenheit need.
• Height Converter: Centimeters to Feet and InchesA height converter from centimeters to feet and inches, and from feet and inches to centimeters: 175 cm is 5 ft 9 in to the nearest inch, or 5 ft 8.9 in to a tenth.
• Degrees Minutes Seconds (DMS) ConverterPaste a coordinate in almost any form into the DMS converter. It says how it read it, converts it to all three notations with exact arithmetic, and tells you how many decimals the input supports.
• Recipe ScalerMultiplying is the easy part. A recipe scaler has to give the answer back as something a measuring cup can hold: ⅛ cup is 2 tbsp, and 1½ eggs needs a decision.
• Number Base ConverterThis number base converter is exact in every base, including values past 2^53 where a floating-point one quietly loses digits.
• Roman Numeral ConverterThe Roman numeral converter turns numbers into Roman numerals and back, with the work shown and malformed numerals like IIII or IM flagged.
• Number to Words ConverterThe number to words converter writes any number out exactly, to 66 digits, reading three digits at a time. It also gives the form a check needs and the ordinal.

Date and Time Calculators

Date and time calculators for counting days, adding hours, converting time zones and reading other calendars.

• Date CalculatorDays between two dates, or a date shifted by any interval. The date calculator answers in years, months and days as well as a plain day count.
• Age CalculatorThe age calculator gives your exact age in years, months and days, the next birthday, the weekday you were born, and your age on any date.
• How Many Days in a MonthHow many days in a month, for any month and year, with the weekdays and weekend days counted and the weekdays that occur five times named.
• Dog Age CalculatorThis dog age calculator turns dog years into human years two ways: the chart the AVMA publishes for pet owners, and the 2020 DNA methylation study of Labrador retrievers. They disagree most in the early years.
• Cat Age CalculatorThis cat age calculator converts cat years to human years by the table in the AAFP-AAHA Feline Life Stage Guidelines: 15 for the first year, 24 at two, then 4 for each year after. It is a way of picturing a cat's age, not a measurement.
• Time CalculatorAdd or subtract two lengths of time and the time calculator carries 60 seconds into a minute, 60 minutes into an hour and 24 hours into a day.
• Time ConverterA time converter for seconds through years, and for decimal hours to hours and minutes: 7.25 hours is 7:15, not 7:25.
• Time Zone ConverterThe time zone converter turns a time in one zone into another, with the offset, the date carry, and whether daylight saving moves the gap during the year.
• Daylight Saving Time CalculatorDaylight saving time dates for any year in the US, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, with the day the clocks go forward, the day they go back, and the rule behind both.
• Military Time ConverterThe military time converter turns 3:45 PM into 1545 and 1545 into 3:45 PM, with how the time is said aloud and the full hour-by-hour table.
• Unix Timestamp ConverterThe Unix timestamp converter turns epoch time in seconds, milliseconds, microseconds or nanoseconds into a date in UTC and any time zone, and a date back into a timestamp. The unit is read from the size of the number.
• Hebrew Calendar ConverterThe Hebrew calendar converter computes each date from the fixed arithmetic calendar (the molad, the postponement rules and the 19-year cycle) rather than looking it up, so any year comes out right.
• Julian Date ConverterTwo different things are both called a Julian date. This Julian date converter gives both, the day-of-year code and the astronomical Julian Day, and says which one you probably mean.
• Moon Phase TodayThe moon phase today, with how much of the disk is lit, the moon's age and the next new and full moon.

Business Calculators

Business calculators for pricing a product and for the unit economics behind a company: margin, markup, break-even, ROI, CAC, LTV and churn.

• Profit Margin CalculatorA profit margin calculator has to keep margin and markup apart: they are not the same number, and charging the second while quoting the first is how a business loses money profitably.
• Markup CalculatorCost to price, or price to markup. The markup calculator also shows the margin it corresponds to, because those two get swapped constantly.
• Discount CalculatorPercent off, sale price, or the discount a price already represents: the discount calculator does all three, plus what two stacked discounts really come to.
• Break-Even CalculatorRun the break-even calculator for the units that cover your fixed costs, and for the contribution margin, which is the number that drives it.
• ROI CalculatorTotal ROI and the annualized rate, side by side in the ROI calculator. A 50% return over ten years and over one year are not the same thing, and only the annualized rate says so.
• Blended Rate CalculatorA blended rate is a weighted average, and nearly every spreadsheet gets it wrong by averaging the rates. A blended rate calculator has to weight each one by hours instead.
• Food Cost CalculatorA plate costs what was bought to make it, not what ended up on it. Trim, yield and the oil in the pan are where recipe cards go wrong, and where a food cost calculator earns its keep.
• CPM CalculatorA CPM calculator for cost per thousand impressions, and from the same campaign figures the CPC, CTR, conversion rate, CPA, ROAS and break-even CPA.
• Customer Lifetime Value CalculatorThis customer lifetime value calculator puts LTV on margin rather than revenue, discounted rather than nominal, next to the two numbers it is only useful beside: what a customer costs and how long they take to pay you back.
• CAC CalculatorThree numbers get called CAC and they differ by a factor of two on the same business. This CAC calculator shows all three and says which one the decision needs.
• Churn Rate CalculatorCustomer churn and revenue churn are different numbers and a business can be healthy on one while the other is on fire. So the churn rate calculator computes both, plus the retention figure that matters more than either.
• Burn Rate CalculatorRunway is not cash divided by this month's burn, which is why this burn rate calculator also asks whether revenue is growing. The honest version of the question is whether you get to profitability before the money goes.
• Engagement Rate CalculatorThe same post is a 2.9% engagement rate or an 8.5% one depending on what you divide by, and nobody quoting a figure says which. The engagement rate calculator here shows all three.
• NPS CalculatorThe subtraction in an NPS calculator takes one line. The part everyone skips is that NPS on 200 responses carries about ten points of margin, so most quarter-on-quarter movement is noise.
• DSO CalculatorDSO is a number of days, but this DSO calculator also prices them, since that is the figure that gets a decision made: every day of collection is a day of revenue sitting in somebody else's bank account.
• A/B Test CalculatorA p-value under 0.05 is where most A/B tools stop, and where most bad decisions start. This A/B test calculator goes on to show the interval, the power the test actually had, and how many visitors it needed.

Random Generators

Random generators that draw fairly, from your browser's cryptographic generator: numbers, names, teams, coin flips and dice.

• Random Number GeneratorEvery draw from this random number generator happens in your browser by crypto.getRandomValues, debiased by rejection sampling, with the arithmetic shown.
• Random Name PickerA random name picker for any list: one name or several, with or without repeats, every name given exactly the same chance, and a wheel that spins to the winner.
• Random Group GeneratorThe random group generator splits a list of names into a set number of groups, or into groups of a set size, and every possible grouping is exactly as likely as every other.
• Secret Santa GeneratorThe secret santa generator draws names so nobody gets their own, keeps couples apart, and gives every valid draw exactly the same chance.
• Flip a CoinFlip a coin for heads or tails, or flip up to 1,000 at once and see how the split and the longest run compare with chance.
• Dice RollerA dice roller for up to 20 dice from d4 to d100, with a modifier or notation like 2d6+3: every die, the total, and the exact chance of rolling that total or higher.
• Cribbage CalculatorType four cards and the starter, and this cribbage calculator gives the score of the hand or crib with every fifteen, pair, run, flush and nobs listed card by card.

Everyday Cost Calculators

Cost calculators for what a meal, a drive or an appliance actually costs: tips, split bills, fuel, electricity and EV charging.

• Tip CalculatorThe tip calculator gives the tip, the total and the per-person share, including whether you are tipping on the tax.
• Bill SplitterThis bill splitter divides a restaurant check by what each person ordered, splits shared plates among the people who had them, and shares out the tax and tip so the totals match the receipt to the cent.
• Money CounterThe money counter adds up US bills and coins by denomination, takes off the float to give the deposit, and checks the drawer against the register for over or short.
• Fuel Cost CalculatorTrip cost, MPG, and the conversion to L/100km in one fuel cost calculator. It also shows why MPG makes a 15-to-20 upgrade look smaller than it is.
• Electricity Cost CalculatorWhat an appliance costs to run, from the electricity cost calculator, and which appliances are worth the attention. It is almost never the ones people switch off.
• EV Charging Cost CalculatorEnter your car's consumption and your price per kWh, and the EV charging cost calculator gives the cost of a charge, of each mile and of a year's driving, set against a gas car.
• Carbon Footprint CalculatorEnter a year of electricity, heating fuel, driving and flights, and this carbon footprint calculator multiplies each by EPA's emission factor and adds them up in metric tons of CO2-equivalent.
• Tire Size CalculatorThe tire size calculator compares two sizes by diameter, sidewall and circumference, with the speedometer and odometer error and whether the change is inside the 3% tolerance.
• Air Miles CalculatorType two airport codes and this air miles calculator gives the shortest distance between them over the Earth's surface, in statute miles, kilometers and nautical miles, for a nonstop flight or a trip with connections.

Free Online Tools

Free online tools for codes and text, run in your browser with nothing uploaded.

• QR Code GeneratorA free QR code generator for any text or link, made in your browser. Nothing is uploaded, nothing is shortened, and the code does not expire.
• Barcode GeneratorA barcode generator for UPC-A, EAN-13, EAN-8, Code 128 and Code 39, drawn as SVG in your browser, with the check digit worked out or verified.
• Base64 Decode and EncodeBase64 decode and encode in your browser, with UTF-8 text read correctly, either alphabet accepted, and the exact character named when the input is not valid Base64.
• Subnet CalculatorThe subnet calculator gives the network, broadcast, mask and usable host range for an IPv4 address and prefix, including /31 point-to-point links (RFC 3021) and single-host /32s.
• Lorem Ipsum GeneratorA lorem ipsum generator for placeholder text by paragraph, sentence, word or exact character count, built on the Cicero passage the words were scrambled out of.